(naAndrea Pinto) Mazuva makumi mapfumbamwe ekutora Kabul, izvi ndizvo zvakafanotaurwa nezvehuchenjeri hweUS svondo rapfuura. VaTaliban, kune rimwe divi, vanokurumidza uye vakarongeka kupfuura zvaifungidzirwa kare, nezuro vakakundawo guta rePul-i Alam, guta guru redunhu reLowgar, anenge makiromita makumi mashanu kumaodzanyemba kweKabul. Maawa mashoma gare gare maTaliban akazivisa kuti vaive vakundawo Lashkar Gah, guta guru redunhu reHelmand. Uyezve Kandahar, iro guta rechipiri pakukura muAfghanistan: "Kandahar inotorwa zvachose "mutauri weTaliban akatumira tweet. Saka ikozvino ndangori makiromita makumi mashanu kubva kuKabul, mweya wekufema kubva mukukunda kwekupedzisira, kukunda kwenyika.
Nezuro kunetsekana kwenyika dzekuMadokero kwakaziviswa, maAmerican achatumira varwi vangangosvika zviuru zvisere kuti vabudise mamishinari uye vamwe vavo vachiri kunharaunda yeAfghan, maBritish akatumira vangangoita mazana matanhatu. VaSpanish nevaSweden vari kusiya Kabul zvakare. Nezuro masikati kwaive zvakare nemusangano wekukurumidza weNATO pamamiriro ezvinhu munyika, ezoteedzana kunonoka zvirinani kupfuura kusati kwamboitika.
Mauto, ayo akabatanidzwawo nemurwi wehondo Ismail K.han, simbisa, mumazwi, kuchengetedzeka kwevamiriri uye ruregerero kune avo vakabatana ne "mauto anogara". Mushure mekuvimbiswa kwakaitwa mukati mezvibvumirano zveDoha, izvo zvakazoregererwa, ini pachangu ndaisazovimba neshoko ravo.
United States inoramba ichitenda kuti guta guru harisi "kutyisidzirwa kuri pedyo", asi rinoti rakagadzirira, kana zvichidikanwa, kumbomisa kupera kwekubvisa kwakarongerwa 31 Nyamavhuvhu. Uye nepo kurwa kweropa kuchityiwa kuchamhembe, mamishinari anodururwa. Zvino dambudziko pakati pematambudziko nderevanhu vakatiza misha avo vatopfuura 250, Canada ichagamuchira zviuru makumi maviri.
Ngozi yeUgandanga. Dhipatimendi reUnited States reHomeland Security rakapa yambiro yehugandanga ichitaura zvingangotyisidzira zvichibva kunze nekumukati meUnited States uye ichitaura nezve njodzi ye "mhirizhonga yakanangwa" pagore ramakumi maviri rekurwiswa kwaSeptember 11, 2001. zvinotsigirwa kuti al Qaeda nevekunze. masangano emagandanga haana kusiya chinangwa chavo chekutsvaga vanopandukira muUS.
Kana zviri zveItaly nezuro zvekare yaimbova Italian base yeHerat yaigara. Mutungamiri weKunze kwekune dzimwe nyika Commission yeChamber of Deputies, Piero Fassino yakati: "Mukugara tichionana neMakurukota Di Maio naGuerini, tiri kutevera awa neawa mamiriro ezvinhu anoshamisa muAfghanistan, akaongororwa neMuvhuro 16 Nyamavhuvhu neBazi reKomisheni inoona nezvekunze tichifunga nezvekunzwa kweMakurukota, zuva izvo zvichagadziriswa mukutarisa kwekuteedzana kwezviitiko ".
Gurukota rezvekunze Luigi Di Maio vakanzwa mutungamiri nerunhare manheru apfuura Mario Draghi kutora mamiriro emamiriro ezvinhu muAfghanistan muchiedza chezvinoitika zvichangoburwa mushure mekufambiswa kweTaliban. Munguva yekubvunzurudzwa, iko kudiwa kwekuenderera nekuchenjerera kuchengetedza vashandi vekumiriri veItari kuKabul kwakadzokororwa.
KUKUNDIKANA, KUONGORORA KWEZVINHU ZVINOKOSHA
Mukuru uyu akange anyora zvakanyanya pazvikonzero zvekukundwa muAfghanistan, kumashure munaKurume 2019 Pasquale Preziosa, aimbova mukuru wemauto Emuchadenga kusvika 2016 uye nhasi mutungamiriri weEurispes Safety Observatory. Nhasi uno munhu wese anoburitsa ongororo kumapepanhau anowanzo rairwa nemanzwiro, nechishuwo chebasa rakaitwa mudunhu iri, nekudikanwa kwekururamisa makumi mashanu nevatatu varwi pakati pemauto eItari uye huwandu hwakawanda hwevanhu vakaremadzwa uye pamusoro pezvose kururamisa mabhiriyoni emauro akashandiswa. kwemakore makumi maviri. yehondo muAfghanistan. Icho chakajeka uye chakanyanya chinangwa chekuongorora kwakaverengwa kwaive kwakaitwa na General Precious Makore maviri apfuura, ayo isu tinotenda kuti anofanirwa kutsikiswazve zvizere kuendesa kuruzhinji chiratidzo kubva kune yakasarudzika uye yakanyanyisa pragmatic angle.
Sekureva kwevamwe vaongorori vekuAmerica, akanyora Precious, Kudzivirirwa Kwepasi Pose kweAfghanistan kwakadzikira mberi kubva apo NATO yakadzora kuvapo kwayo pasi mugore ra2014 uye haina kutendera mauto eAfghan ekuchengetedza kusvika kumatanho ekudzidzisa anodiwa nezvirongwa zveUS.
Kwete, iyi ingori nzira diki "yepamusoro" yekubvisa mutoro kune avo vane chiremera ", General Preziosa vakataura.
Izvo zvikonzero chaizvo zvinofanirwa kutsvakirwa kuburikidza nekuongororwa kwenhoroondo kwezviitiko zvese uye sarudzo dzehunyanzvi dzakakanganisa nyika inotambudzwa.
Nhamba yeNational Security yeAngland haina kumbobvira yakarongeka nehutano hweNATO huripo mune iyo yemitambo kana nokuti iyo nato yehondo yeNATO yakagara iri, yezvishoma zvishoma, chikamu chechikwata cheU.S., zvose maererano nesarudzo dzakasarudzwa uye Pfungwa dzekuwa kwechirongwa ichi dzakatsanangurwa neU.SA uye dzinofananidzirwa kune vanobatana nekugoverana zvikamu zvakasimba kubva mune zvematongerwe enyika, zvezvematongerwo enyika uye zvepamutemo.
I21 yapfuura August, Mutungamiri Trump vakati Afghanistan inofanira kutora mamwe mabasa ehondo nehupenyu hwayo.
Mumutauro iwoyo mutungamiri weAmerica akasimbisa izvozvo India ichava nyika inoshamwaridzana nayo muSouth Asia.
Hurukuro dzepamutemo dzinofanira kucheneswa kubva pane zvinyorwa zvinowanzoitwa kuti zviongorore maitiro ezvakanaka ezviitiko zvekufarira.
Chinhu chokutanga chinobuda kubva kuongororwa kwehurukuro yemutungamiriri wehurumende ndicho chiratidzo chekuti ndiani anofanira kunge ari kukonzera kukwikwidzana muAfghanistan uye kwete nekuda kwekugadzirisa kukakavadzana, nokudaro zvichibvumira kuona zvingangodaro kubviswa kwesangano rekubatana kwemauto kune hurumende iripo yeyo nyika .
Nenzvimbo idzi, hurukuro dzeDhaha nemaTaliban dzakaenderera, uko Special Assistant weSouth Asia, Mumiriri weUS Zalmay Khalilzad, aitaura mamiriro ekufamba kwenyika kuenda mumaoko eTaliban.
Mukupfupisa, kutaurirana uku kunogona kupfupikiswa mune zvinotevera pfungwa: kutevedzera Bumbiro riri kushanda munyika, kwete kupa zvigaro zvekudzidzisa zvemagandanga uye kurwisa mafambiro eISIS aripo.
Tinoyeuka kuti mu2011 maiva nevarwi veS100.000 US, maBritish 10.000 nevarwi ve30.000 NATO pamwe nekuvakonzerana veAmerica, masimba akadaro akanga asina kukwana, kukunda Taliban neAl Qaeda.
Nemasoja ekuMadokero pasi akaderedzwa kuita flicker, mukana wekuti mauto eAfghan atakadzidzisa kukunda maTaliban ingori fungidziro chaiyo.Zvechokwadi mumwe anoshamisika nemafungiro api nhasi mauto eAfghan anogona kurwisana neTaliban kana, munguva pfupi, maAmerica uye vashandi vanobva kuAngland vari mumaoko avo, "Afghanistan iri pasi peTaliban yakanga iri hutsinye hwematongerwe enyika" akadaro Ndira Tommy Franks (Centcom Mutungamiri kusvika ku2003) muzvinyorwa zvake uye hapana chakachinja kubvira ipapo.
Imwezve chirongwa chehurongwa cheAfghanistan chiri mumaoko emaU.S. uye kwete mune zvisarudzo zveNATO, sezvinoitika.
Ngatitarisei zvino mamwe mazuva akakosha eaya makore gumi nemasere anoshandiswa nemubatanidzwa muAfghanistan, kuti tione kuvepo kwezvikanganiso zvine hungwaru mukuita mashandiro ...
Apo mauto eUnited States vakapindira muZ2001 muAngland, kune vaTaliban avo vakatonga nyika, avo vakanga vagamuchira vagari veAsama bin Laden vaAl Qaeda uye Afghanistan kwaiva mutengi wekutanga weMarihuana.
Zvinangwa zvakasimbiswa panguva iyoyo ndezvi: kubviswa kwevaTaliban uye sangano reAl Qaeda, kupedza uori hurima, kusunungura vakadzi, kuvandudza nyika mune pfungwa dzevanhu, kuitira kuti irege kuzova nengozi kuvanhu ; USA inoparidza, "Hondo yeHondo yose pamusoro pehugandanga".
Kuwedzera kwekutsvaga kwakagadzirirwa kuAngland, mushure mekufadzwa kwe11 September, yakange yakakwirira kwazvo, sekuita bhadha yezvokubhadhara mari kubva kunyika uye kubva kumabasa ehondo.
Kubatanidzwa kwevanhu vemamwe marudzi mukutsigira mabasa eUnited States kwakazosvikawo kuwanda kwenyika dze53, uye NATO kwekutanga kokutanga munhoroondo yaro (iyo iriwo nyaya yedu) semugumisiro webumbiro remagandanga reChNUMX September, akadana 11 Oct. 2 Article V yeAlantic Pact, iyo inotaura kuti kukwikwidza zvakagadzirirwa kune mumwe kana kupfuura nhengo dzeAlliance kunofanirwa kuonekwa sekurwisana nenyika dzose dzeAlliance pachake.
Mune 2003 muUnited States zvakaderedza mashomanana muAshghan kuitira kuti vapinde muIraq, vasina kumirira kuguma kwebasa rakatanga muAfghanistan: Bush ikozvino mu2002 yakataura tsvina yezvakaipa e Rogue anoti, dzakadai seIraq, Iran neNorth Korea.
Kuvhurwa kwemauto maviri ehondo, zvinosuruvarisa kuti mauto eUnited States aripo munzvimbo iyoyo inoshanda, akatungamirira kudiwa yekudyisa Iraq kwete nehondo itsva dzeuto (170.000 units), asi nekudzvinyirirwa kwemauto muA Afghanistan .
Kushaikwa kwemauto ehondo yakakwana munyika yeAghghan, pakutanga kwe2003, yakabvumira maTaliban kumutsa uye kutanga kutora zvishoma nezvishoma kwenharaunda yakarasika.
Mazana mashomanana eUnited States anotumirwa ne2009, mushure mekunge 6 makore okusipo, zvishoma zvavaigona kuita kuti vakurire izvo zvakawanikwa zvakare neTaliban,
Zvitsva zvitsva zve 2011, zvichibva mukushanduka kwekutsvaga kweUnited States kubva kuIraq kusvika kuAustralia, nekutora mauto kubva kuIraq nekudzokazve kuAustralia, zvakanga zvisingabatsiri kubvisa zvose zvigandanga uye zvigadziriswa zvemhosva zvakagadzirwa kubvira 2003 ne kutanga kushandiswa kwekushanda kwepamusoro (shanduko yakashata) USA kubva kuAfghanistan kuenda kuIraq.
Mamiriro ezvegandanga akawedzerwa zvakaoma nekuregererwa kwemauto eUnited States kubva kuIRAQ, iyo yakaona kusangana kweimwe sangano rezvemagandanga: ISIS iyo yakakonzerawo Afghanistan, ichiwedzera hutano hwakatonyanya hutete hwenyika.
Naizvozvo, matambudziko ekushomeka muAfghanistan anongova mhedzisiro yesarudzo dzakatorwa muna 2003 neUSA, idzo dzakasarudza kudzikiswa kukuru kwemauto epasi, akatadza kusimbisa nekusimbisa mhedzisiro yakawanikwa nekukunda kwawanikwa ne kupinda. kwakatanga Gumiguru 7, 2001.
Nheyo yechipiri yemutauriri wepurezidhendi yakabatana neUnited States pamwe neIndia muAsia.
Izvo hazvina zvakawanda zvinganzwisisika zvekugadzirisa panyaya iyi: kusarudzwa kweIndia neU.S., zvinongoerekana zvaita kuti pikani yePakistan ishandise uye inoshanda yekushanda muAfghanistan inoparara, inokanda Pakistan muChinese, Russian, uye zvimwe uye Iranian.
Kubatana kwekuverengwa kwemashoko maviri akabatwa nemutungamiri weUnited States, saka inotaura nezvekushanduka kwemashoko ezvematongerwo enyika, mune mamwe mazwi: Afghanistan nehugandanga, zvakaderedzwa mune zvido zvavo zvekuvandudza, zvichava nechinzvimbo chepamusoro mune zvitsva zvezvematongerwo enyika, zvichienzaniswa nechinhu chitsva chakanga chiri iri pedyo asi ikozvino China yakasimbisa.
IU.SA uye nekuda kwekuti China yatotora mvumo yenyika itsva dzekubatana kweiyo inotevera kuenzanisa geostrategic.
Kuenzanisa kwakadaro, mumatanho ekutanga hakuzoenzaniswi ne "hondo yekutonhora" nokuti mafungiro akakurudzira hondo iyoyo yachinja, Michael McFaul anoratidza kuidana Rugare Rwakanaka.
Tichaona munguva pfupi iri kutevera kuti kuenzanisa uku pakati pezvekuwedzera kweChina nezvekutengeserana nekudhinda kweAmerica, kwakabatanidzwa pamwe ne "Hondo yeHurumende nenyika" uye kumutemo wekuwedzera kuwedzera kweChinese kuchasimbiswa.
Iyi nharo itsva inoberekerwa muzera rechidijitori uye ichave yakatarwa ne-new cyber domain ne "yekutengeserana kwemashoko".
Maererano nedzimwe nyanzvi, kushandiswa kwepaIndaneti kuchava chinhu chikuru chekuwana simba munguva yemberi.
Nhasi Afghanistan ino, inomirirwa mune imwe nyika yakasiyana yepamusoro kune yeiyo makore 18 akapfuura nekuda kwezvikonzero zvitatu: kuguma kwehugandanga huri kuhudzana nezvitendero, chido cheChina chekusimudzira Afghanistan kuti ive nyore nyore uye zvakagadziriswa "kutonga" kweUnited States mumunda wesimba nekuda kwezvakawanda zve "shale mafuta" inowanikwa munharaunda yayo.
David Rapoport, mune zvidzidzo zvake pamagandanga emagandanga akacherechedza nhoroondo yedu (mana), akafanoona izwi kana kuti pane kuvhara kwekufamba uku, yakatanga mu 1979, mune kure kure 2025, nekuberekwa kwemutsva mutsva wekusiyana typology uye kwete muA Afghanistan.
China yakazvisimbisa semasimba makuru, ine ruzivo rwakawanda nhasi kudarika husiku mukusimudzira Afghanistan nokuda kwehupfumi, zvigadziro uye mukati mechikonzero chekuchengetedza (Zvikamu); muChinjiang "mhirizhonga yakaoma yehugandanga yakatotanga kuenderera mberi kugadzirisa mhirizhonga dzenyika yeUghur, musikana wechidiki uye mutauro weTurkey."
Uyezve, kudzivirirwa kwemishonga yezvigadzirwa zvemuzinda pamwe chete nenzira yei nzira itsva yesiriki, inoda kuti Afghanistan igare yakasimba.
Pakupedzisira, Afghanistan, kunyange isina mafuta, inokosha pakuendesa Caspian mafuta kumahombekombe egungwa rePakistani kuburikidza nechitsiko chemakomo cheKhyber, chikamu cheSirk Road yekare, nzvimbo yepakati peCentral Asia uye Meridionale: kukoshesa kweUnited States kuburikidza nekupfuura kwemagetsi ehurumende kuburikidza neA Afghanistan kunowedzera kuve nehutano hwe "kutonga" mune simba remhepo nekuda kwe "mafuta uye gesi" yakawanikwa munharaunda yayo.
Saka USA yakaona zvisiri nyore kugara munzvimbo yeAfghan, iyo nhasi inopa njodzi yegandanga iri pasi pane muna 2001, mune mamiriro ekutanga zviwanikwa. (Resource Triangle).
Kubva pane geo-strategic point of view, "Beijing inoda kusimbisa Kabul kune iyo pachayo kuti iparadzise hutungamiri hweIndia hwemasimba" (Limes).
Afghanistan, nekubviswa kweUS kubva munhandare, ichagadzirira kupinda mungarava inokwanisika yeChinese nerutsigiro rwePakistan, muvengi anovava weIndia iyo isiri shamwari dzakanaka neChina.
Nekuremekedzwa kose kwakakodzera kune vanyori veU.S., NATO yakaita semuvakidzani anokosha pamwe chete neU.S., kutakura mari uye kubhadhara mupiro wayo, pamwe neItaly, nehupenyu hwevanhu. kunze kwekuti zvisinei nechinangwa che geostrategic chisarudzo chave chichishanda zvakasununguka neU.SA uye pasina kukudzwa kukuru kunozivikanwa. Dzimwe nguva muzvinyorwa zvezvinotengeswa zvekubatanidzwa muAlliance, tinowedzera imwezve mutsara, kuti tiongorore zvave zvichiitwa uye zvakabhadharwa mumakore e18 neAllies neItaly sechipo chepasi rose chekuchengetedzwa kwedu pamwe chete uye tinodzivisa kuisa vamwe pabasa ravo pachavo .