Kumuhoro wakaderera nemutemo, iyo CGIA inokoka kushandiswa kwechipiri nhanho bargaining, kutemwa kweIrpef uye kuvandudzwa kwezvibvumirano mukati menguva yekupedzisira.
Sezvakaita munyika zhinji dzeEurope, misiyano yemuhoro wenzvimbo yakakoshawo muItari. Muna 2021, semuenzaniso, avhareji yemuhoro wepagore wevashandi vekuItaly vanoshandirwa mubazi rakazvimirira muMetropolitan Guta reMilan yaive 31.202 euros, muPalermo, zvisinei, 16.349 euros. Muguta rehupfumi hwenyika, mushandi weavhareji makore maviri apfuura akawana 90 muzana kupfuura waaishanda naye muguta reSicilian. Nekudaro, kana kuenzanisa kukaitwa nedunhu reCalabrian reVibo Valentia, rekupedzisira munyika kune avhareji yemuhoro wepagore (11.823 euros), muhoro wemushandi weMilanese wakatokwira ne164 muzana. Avhareji muhoro weItaly, zvisinei, wakasvika 21.868 euros.
Zvinhu zvakabuda kubva mukugadziriswa kwakaitwa neCGIA Research Office paINPS data zvinokurudzira zvakare mubvunzo wekare: kusaenzana kwemuhoro kuripo pakati penzvimbo dzakasiyana dzenyika yedu, senge, semuenzaniso, pakati peNorth neSouth, asiwo pakati maguta nemaruwa. Nyaya iyo vashandi vezvemagariro evanhu vakaedza kugadzirisa, mushure mekubviswa kwezvinonzi mubhadharo cages mukutanga kwema70, kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwechibvumirano chenyika chebasa (CCNL). Iko kushandisa, zvisinei, kwakangoburitsa zvishoma zvaidiwa. Kusaenzana kwemihoro pakati penzvimbo dzenzvimbo kwakaramba kuri nekuti mubazi rakazvimirira makambani mazhinji, masangano, makambani makuru-kati, makambani emari/inishuwarenzi/mabhanga ayo - anobhadhara vashandi vawo mihoro yakawandisa kupfuura avhareji - anowanikwa munzvimbo dzeMaodzanyemba metropolitan. Iwo marudzi emakambani achangobva kutaurwa, ane chikamu chakanyanya chevashandi vane zvitupa zvehunyanzvi kubva pahuwandu (mamaneja, vatungamiriri, vatariri, matekiniki, nezvimwewo), vane mazinga epamusoro edzidzo anofanirwa kubhadharwa muhoro wakakosha. Pakupedzisira, hazvifaniri kukanganwa kuti basa risingawanzoitiki rakapararira kunyanya kuSouth uye dambudziko iri remagariro evanhu nehupfumi rakagara richikonzera kuderedzwa kwemubhadharo wechibvumirano muzvikamu (kurima, mabasa evanhu, kutengeserana, nezvimwewo), iri munzvimbo dzakakanganiswa nechiitiko ichi.
Nekudaro, kana pachinzvimbo chekuenzanisa data yeavhareji pakati penzvimbo dzakasiyana dzenzvimbo tinozviita pakati pevashandi vari muchikamu chimwe chete, misiyano yenzvimbo inoderedzwa uye paavhareji yakatodiki pane iyo iripo kune dzimwe nyika dzeEurope.
Naizvozvo, tinogona kutaura kuti muItaly kusaenzana kwemuhoro padanho renzvimbo kwakakosha, asi, nekuda kwekushandiswa kwakanyanya kwepakati pekutengeserana, tine misiyano midiki tichienzaniswa nedzimwe nyika. Nekune rimwe divi, kupararira kushoma kwekudyidzana kwakaganhurirwa muItari - sangano, semuenzaniso, iro rakapararira muGermany - haritenderi mibairo chaiyo kuti irambe yakabatana nemaitiro ekukwira kwemitengo, mutengo wedzimba uye mazinga ekugadzirwa kwenzvimbo. zvichiita kuti tidzikise zvakare akakosha avhareji muhoro gaps nedzimwe nyika.
• Hurukuro yemuhoro wepasi iri nani
Sezvo CNEL yakawanawo mukana wekutaura, dambudziko revashandi vanotambura hariratidzike serinokonzerwa nekuderera kwemari yemuhoro, asi kuti vanhu ava vanoshanda mazuva mashoma mukati megore. Naizvozvo, panzvimbo pokugadza muhoro wepasi nomutemo, kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwezvimwe zvibvumirano zvenguva pfupi kunofanira kurwisana. Zvakare, iyo CGIA Research Hofisi inoita kuti zvizivikanwe kuti kukwidza mihoro yevashandi, kunyanya avo vane yakaderera hunyanzvi hunyanzvi, zvingave zvakafanira kuenderera mberi nekucheka Irpef uye kuparadzira kudyidzana kwakasarudzika zvakanyanya. Tiine imwe yezvikamu zvine chekuita nehuwandu hwevashandi vakafukidzwa nekudyidzana kwenyika pakati pevepamusoro padanho reEuropean (95 muzana yehuwandu hwevashandi), isu tinofanirwa "kusundira" kuenderera mberi nekuparadzira danho rechipiri, kupa mubairo, kunyanya. nzira, iyo decontribution uye kuzadzikiswa kwezvinangwa zvechigadzirwa, zvakare nekushandisa zvibvumirano zvakananga pakati pevemabhizinesi nevashandi vavo. Nekuita izvi, isu taizopa mhinduro pamusoro pezvose kune vashandi vekuNorth uye kunyanya venzvimbo dzine maguta emunyika avo, zvichitevera kukwira kwemitengo, mumakore maviri apfuura vakatambura, zvakanyanya kupfuura vamwe, zvinotyisa. kurasikirwa kwesimba re 'kutenga.
• Chibvumirano chebasa chechipiri: vashandi mamiriyoni 3,3 chete vanobatanidzwa (20% yevose)
Pakazosvika Chikumi 15, pakanga paine 10.568 inoshanda nhanho yechipiri zvibvumirano kuBazi Revashandi, iyo 9.532 yaive yemubatanidzwa uye 1.036 yaive matunhu. Zvichienderana nekukura kwekambani, 43 muzana yakanga yakasainwa mumakambani ane vashandi vasingasviki makumi mashanu, 50 muzana mune vane vanopfuura zana ne41 muzana mune vane chiverengero chevashandi vari pakati pe100 ne16. Pazvibvumirano 50 99 zvinoshanda, 10.568 muzana. zvakasainwa kuChamhembe, 72 muzana kuCentre uye gumi muzana kuSouth. Lombardy (18), Emilia Romagna (10) neVeneto (3.218) ndiwo matunhu ane nhamba yepamusoro.
Padanho renyika, vashandi vanosvika miriyoni 3,3 vanobatanidzwa (inenge 20 muzana yehuwandu hwenyika), avo 2,1 kubva kumakondirakiti ekambani uye 1,1 kubva kumakondirakiti ematunhu.
• Mushandi mumwe chete pavaviri akazvimirira ane CCNL yakapera nguva
Pamusoro pekuwedzera mashandisirwo ezvibvumirano zvakatemerwa, CGIA Research Office inotenda kuti kuremedza mubhadharo zvingave zvakakodzera kuremekedza nguva dzakatarwa dzekuvandudza zvibvumirano zvebasa. Kunze kwechikamu chekurima, basa remumba uye zvimwe zvinhu zvehunyanzvi, kubva munaGunyana 1, 54 muzana yevashandi vega vega vakapedza CCNL yavo. Tiri kutaura nezvevashandi vanosvika mamirioni manomwe neshanu kubva muhuwandu hunosvika mamirioni gumi nemana. Zvakaoma zvikuru kuziva zvikonzero zvisingabvumiri kuti kuvandudzwa kusayinwe nezuva rekupedzisira rakatarwa nekondirakiti, zvisinei kuti zvinotendwa kuti muzviitiko zvakawanda izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuomerwa kwakaitwa nevanoshamwaridzana mukutsvaga. chibvumirano pamusoro pekuwedzera kwehupfumi chinokodzera vose vari Kumaodzanyemba pane kuMaodzanyemba.Muchidimbu, kubva padanho rechipiri nhaurirano isina kusimba zvakakwana - iyo nehunhu hwayo inokwanisa kupa mubairo mukubudirira kwekambani/nzvimbo uye kutsanangura nzira dzekurwisa inflation izvo, sezvatinoita. ziva, ine mitengo yakasiyana pakati pematunhu nematunhu uye pakati penzvimbo nepakati penharaunda - zviri kuramba zvichinetsa kusvika pachibvumirano chekuwedzera kwemuhoro wechikamu mukati menguva yakatarwa yekontrakiti inoshanda kubva kuSondrio kuenda kuRagusa.
• Mari yekubhadhara inorema muMilan uye pamwe neVia Emilia
Kubva pakuongorora kwepurovhinzi kweavhareji mihoro yakabhadharwa kune vashandi vebazi rakazvimirira, zvinobuda kuti, muna 2021, Milan yaive chokwadi nemuhoro wepamusoro: 31.202 euros. Parma inotevera ne25.912 euros, Bologna ne25.797 euros, Modena ne25.722 euros uye Reggio Emilia ne25.566 euros. Mune zvese izvi Emilian chokwadi, kuwanda kwakasimba kwezvikamu zvine kugadzirwa kwakanyanya uye kukosha kwakawedzera - sekugadzirwa kwemotokari dzemhando yepamusoro, makanika, mota, mechatronics, biomedical uye agri-chikafu - "yakavimbisa" vashandi venzvimbo idzi zvinorema. paychecks. Vashandi "varombo" zvakanyanya, zvakadaro, vaive muNuoro kwavakatambira avhareji yemuhoro wepagore we13.338 euros, muCosenza ne13.141 euros uye muTrapani ne13.137 euros. Pakupedzisira, avo "vasina rombo" vakashanda muVibo Valentia uko mugore rebasa vakangounza kumba 11.823 euros.