naMassimiliano D'Elia
Mifananidzo nemavhidhiyo ekupindira kwemubatanidzwa wepasi rose muIraq muna 2003 uye muLibya muna 2011 zvakatifadza apo, mumatanho ekutanga emakakatanwa, vakaratidza denga remuvengi husiku rakavhenekerwa nema tracers e-anti-aircraft defense system. , ichinetsekana nemhando dzendege yemubatanidzwa. Kushanda kwemhepo, kazhinji kwakaoma, kwakakosha pakukunda kwehukuru hwemhepo uye kupindira kunotevera kwemauto pasi.
Zvidzidzo zvadzidza izvo zvakabva zvapesvedzera dzidziso dzechiuto kwemakore aizouya kusvika pakurwisana kweRussia-Ukrainian, apo paradigm yese yaifungidzirwa uye yakabatanidzwa nekufamba kwenguva yakatanga kupesvedzera mukutarisana neyakasiyana, yemazuva ano uye isingafungidzirwe chokwadi chekushanda icho chaiwanzobatanidza nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzekupokana panguva. panguva imwe cheteyo asi iyo yakamutsawo mashandisirwo eungwaru ekare kubvira kune yaimbova Soviet Union.
Putin mune yake “Kushanda kwechiuto chaiko” muUkraine yakasarudza kushandura mapatani nekuvimba nedzidziso yemukuru wayo wemauto, mukuru. Valery Gerasimov. Zvinosanganisira kurova mhandu kwete chete mumuviri asiwo mupfungwa panguva yayo isina kusimba, iyo isina inovimbika kudzivirira, kushandisa zvakanyanya kupararira masisitimu kuperekedza, ruoko ruoko, chiito chehondo. Ngatitaurei nezvazvo hybrid war kazhinji inoshandiswa zvakare nenzira dzisiri dzehurumende uye masisitimu aine chinangwa chekupedzisira che kugadzira the mhirizhonga nel mhirizhonga muzvikwata zvevadzivisi vavo.
Dzidziso yeGerasimov
Muna February 2013 General Gerasimov yakaburitsa chinyorwa chine musoro unoti “Kukosha Kwesainzi Kuri Mukuona Kwazvo" kwaakatsanangura hondo yakasanganiswa sekurwisana, mune dzimwe nzira dzisingaoneki, umo mazano akagadzirwa munguva yeSoviet anosanganiswa nemafungiro ehondo ehondo pamusoro pehondo yakazara. Gerasimov akapa dzidziso itsva yehondo yemazuva ano inotarisira Hack nzanga dzevavengi, pane kuvarwisa zvakananga. Muchinyorwa akapikisa sezvizvi: “'Mitemo yehondo' yachinja. Basa rezvisiri zvemauto nzira dzekuzadzisa zvinangwa zvezvematongerwo enyika uye zvehurongwa zvakakura uye, kazhinji, zvakapfuura simba resimba rezvombo mukubudirira kwavo. Zvose izvi zvinowedzerwa nenzira dzechiuto dzemashiripiti”. Nechiuto nzira dzemashiripiti zvinoreva mamercenaries, senge paramilitary Brigade ye Wagner boka, inoshandiswa zvakanyanya neMoscow, nekubudirira kwakavhengana, muSyria, Africa neUkraine.
Russian kudzivirira
Pakati peakabudirira kuyedzwa eRussia super missile ndeye intercontinental missile Sarmat inokwanisa kusvika kune zvinangwa pamakiromita 16 zviuru uye rocket Kinzhal pakati pepakati (2000 km) iyo yakashandiswa zvakanyanya neMoscow panguva yekurwisana kunoramba kuripo muUkraine.
Pakati pezvombo zvakanyanyisa kugadzirwa izvo zviyedzo zvisati zvatanga, the Poseidon torpedo, inogara iine simba renyukireya uye nekudaro inokwanisa kuramba iri pasi pemakungwa kwemazuva kana makore, yakagadzirira kurova chero nguva yepasi nepasi.Avangard, chombo chenyukireya chinobhururuka icho, kana chatangwa, chaigona kusvika kuchikamu chepamusoro che stratosphere kuwana sipidhi yakaenzana nekamakumi maviri sipidhi yeruzha yobva yatsveta yakananga kune chero chinangwa. Ane simba zvikuru haana kuenda asingaonekwi Zadira laser chombo, yakashandiswa mukukonana muUkraine kupofumadza satellite, nepo shanduro ine simba, maererano neKremlin, yaizokwanisa kuparadza satellite mu orbit.
Kushandiswa kwemauto emhepo mumhirizhonga yeRussia-Ukrainian
Yakatarisana neiyo isina kukwana yekuUkraine mauto emhepo (inenge 300 ndege yekare), iyo Russian Air Force yakashandiswa pa10% yekugona kwayo chaiyo kune akatevedzana ezvikonzero zvekushanda: simba remhinduro yeUkraine, inovimbiswa neazvino hurongwa hwekudzivirira ndege dzakapihwa ne vekuMadokero uye kufunga, kwete kwechipiri, kwekudzivisa kupa ruzivo rwakakosha rwetekinoroji yendege yakadonhedzwa kumuvengi.
Kuedza kuita chaunoda kusvetuka mumhando uye kufambisa kukakavara kwave kwakamira, maUkraine akakumbira United States, EU neUK ndege yechizvarwa chechina F-16 izvo, mushure mekutanga resistors uye chete mushure me zvakanaka American, ichapihwa kuKiev air force muna 2024. Kuendeswa kwevarwi vemazuva ano kwakatanga danho rekudzidzira revatyairi veUkraine. Pasinei nematambudziko anokonzerwa nemutauro wavo, vatyairi veUkraine vakapedza chikamu "Pasi" yekudzidzira kuAmerican ndege simulators kuti uenderere kuchikamu chinotevera che kudzidza chaiyo mundege.
Zvichakadaro, vanhu vekuUkrainian vakaratidza kuti vakadzidza kushandisa zvombo zvekudzivirira mhepo zvekuMadokero nehuchenjeri hwakanyanya uye hunyanzvi, vachikwanisa kuzvifambisa nekukurumidza mushure mekurwiswa kwega kwega kuti zvisazoonekwa nendege yekuRussia. Vanhu vekuRussia, vasingakwanisi kuwana hukuru hwemhepo hwakakwana, vaifanira kushandura hurongwa hwavo nekushandisa kushandiswa kwezvombo uye drones nekugadzikana uye kutsungirira kusati kwamboonekwa mune imwe mhirizhonga yemazuva ano.
Muganho weiyi sarudzo yekushanda, zvisinei, iri muchokwadi chekuti inoda kuenderera mberi kwezvombo pamativi ese. Zvombo zviri kutanga kupera uye zvisingakwanise kuendeswa kwenguva isingaperi nekuti zvombo zvekuMadokero hazvina kugadzirira chiitiko chakadaro uye hachikwanise kuenderera mberi - "rhythm yehondo” - yemakakatanwa.
The Russian air fleet
Maererano nedata kubva World Air Force 2023, Russia ine yechipiri pakukura kwendege dzemauto pasi rose ine 4.182 ndege. Dhata iyo inofanirwa kufananidzwa nevarwi vakaparadzwa mukati memwedzi yekupokana neUkraine, uko nhamba huru yendege dzeRussia dzakadai seSu-25 uye Su-34 uye Ka-52 pamwe neMi-24 kurwisa helicopters dzakarasika. . Pakupera kwa2022, Dhipatimendi reDziviriro yeKiev rakazivisa kuti mauto ayo emhepo akanga aparadza vakawanda se278 vavengi-fixed-wing aircraft, 261 helicopters uye 1.509 unmanned aircrafts. Nomuzvarirwo, iwo dhata rinofanirwa kutorwa netsanga yemunyu mukufunga nezve propaganda uye kutaurirana kwehondo izvo, sezvazvinozivikanwa, zvinogara zvakagadzirirwa kuvhiringidza muvengi.
Drones, vechokwadi protagonists vehondo
Iwo chaiwo protagonists ehondo yeRussia-Ukrainian ndeye drones, inoshandiswa munzvimbo dzose: mhepo, pasi pevhu, maritime uye kunyange pasi pemvura.
Iran yakaendesa mazana emakirasi drones kuuto reRussia Shahed, kunyanya iyo Shared-129, Predator-style drone inogona kubhururuka anopfuura 1.000 mamaira, inobatika nemakomba, uye Shahed-191, drone inokwanisa kutakura zvinokandwa kweanenge 300 mamaira. Drones dzakabvumira Moscow kuti ienderere mberi nekurwiswa uye kuenzanisa mukana wehunyanzvi wakawanikwa nevaUkraine, pakutanga kwehondo, zvichitevera kushandiswa kweTurkey drones. Bayraktar.
Mheremhere yekubudirira kweUkraine, nekuda kweTurkey drone, kurwisa matangi eRussia kwakapembererwa nerwiyo rwakakurumbira. Kambani yeTurkey inogadzira Bayraktar, maererano nenhepfenyuro yenyika, iri kuvaka fekitari ye drone muUkraine.
Hurumende yeUkraine yakaita zvirongwa zvekuvaka drones kuitira kuti ive a hub yepasi-kirasi muchikamu, nekuda kwehunyanzvi ruzivo rwakawana zvakananga mumunda. Nechikonzero ichi Minister of Digital Shanduko Mykhailo Fedorov, yakatumira 1.700 itsva drones kumberi, yakadzidzisa 10.000 vashandi munzvimbo dze26 uye yakagadzirira imwe 10.000 yekudzidzira mune ramangwana.
Dzimwe mhando dzema drones anoshandiswa mukukonana
Pakati pemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzakashandiswa, iyo UJ-22 Airborne single-engine propeller drone yakagadzirwa neKiev company Ukrjet yakashandawo zvakanyanya. Inorema 85 kg, iine mapapiro e4,6 m uye kureba 3,3 m uye inofambiswa neinjini yepeturu. Iine kumhanya kwekufamba kwe120 km / h, iyo inogona kuwedzerwa kusvika pakakwirira ye160 km / h, uye rwendo rwe800 km. Mhando yakadaro inogona kubvumira UJ-22 kuti isvike nyore pamasuwo eMoscow.
Iyo Beaver drone yakagadzirwa neUkraine mauto indasitiri consortium Ukroboronprom yakashandiswawo zvinobudirira. Beaver yakareba mamita 2,5 uye ine mapapiro anosvika 2,5 metres uye inorema 150 kg. Kumhanya kwakanyanya kwaizosvika 200 km/h, ukuwo kureba kwacho kwaizosvika makiromita 1000, kukwira zvakanyanya kupfuura kweUJ-22. Kusiyana neUJ-22, inogona kushandiswa sekamikaze drone nekuti inobatanidza kuputika kwechaji mufuselage.
Mamwe mhando dzeUAV dzave kushandiswa zvakanyanya, senge Leleka 100, ndege diki yekucherekedza ine 1,9 m wingspan uye 70 km/h yakakura kumhanya, uye Furja., yehukuru hwakafanana. Valeriy Borovyk akavaka iyo drone "namano” Vidsyichche ine rwendo rwemakiromita makumi mana uye inogona kutakura warhead iri pakati pe40 ne2 kilos yezvinoputika. Kwete chete ma drones epamba, yeGerman Rheinmetall yakaendesa iyo Luna NG reconnaissance drone kumauto eUkraine ane huwandu hweanopfuura 3 km uye kugona kutarisa nzvimbo ye100 square km ine sensors.
Kwete chete mota dzemuchadenga dzisina kufambiswa asiwo madhiri madiki emugungwa akaratidzira isingatarisirwe shanduko yehunyanzvi. Mushure mekurwiswa kwaChikunguru 17 2023 kwakakuvadza zambuko reKerch, pakati peCrimea neRussia Taman peninsula, maUSV, Isina Kumisikidzwa Kumusoro Motokari, yeKiev Navy yakarova zvikepe muNovorossiysk roadstead. Kubudirira uku kwakasimbiswa neUSV Magura - Maritime Autonomous Guard Unmanned Robotic Apparatus - yakagadzirwa neKiev yehurumende kambani SpetsTechnoExport. MAGURA yakareba mamita 5,5, inofamba pamusoro pemvura ichibuda masendimita makumi mashanu chete uye inomhanya mhanya 50 km/h yekufamba 80 km.
Mukuwedzera kune drones yakagadzirwa neIranian, maRussia akashandisa kamikaze drone, Lancet, yakagadzirwa neZALA yeIzhevsk. Iyo Lancet, yakayedzwa zvakabudirira muna 2021 muSyria, ine dunhu munition yakashongedzerwa nemitsara miviri yecruciform X-akaita mapapiro, ine inosundidzira propeller, inotyairwa nemagetsi mota inoita kuti inyarare zvakanyanya. Mamwe ma drones anoshandiswa nemaRussia iOrlan ine mapapiro anosvika 3,1 metres uye inomhanya mhanya 150 km/h uye rwendo rwemakiromita zana negumi.
Zvakafanana neAmerican MQ-9s ine simba, Kronstadt Orions ine 16 metres emapapiro uye 8 metres kureba, inobhururuka pa200 km / h kwehupamhi hwe1400 km.
MaRussia akaunzawo ndege yeMohajer 6 yekucherekedza kubva kuIran.
Russia yakatanga kugadzira uye kushandisa shanduro yayo yeIranian Shahed ine 100 zvimwe zvikamu, inogadzirwa nemakambani makumi maviri nemaviri kubva ku22 nyika dzakasiyana, kusanganisira kwete Russia chete, asiwo makambani ari muChina, Switzerland neUnited States. The Washington Post nguva pfupi yadarika yakaratidza kuti Kremlin inoronga kuvaka 7 drones ne2025.
Mhedziso itsva: Kadhibhodhi drones
Kadhibhodhi drones, chombo chakaoma kubata uye mutengo wakaderera kwazvo. Madrones ari kutaurwa ndeaya Gunguwo Precision Payload Delivery System, zvinogadzirwa nekambani yekuAustralia, Sypaq iyo yakahwina kondirakiti nemauto eAustralia inokosha mari inopfuura miriyoni imwe yemaeuro.
Sekureva kwemugadziri, aya "ndege dzemakadhibhodi" ari nyore kuunganidza - iyo drone inosvika mupakeji inosvika hafu yemamita kureba uye haina kunyanya kuomarara kupfuura chigadzirwa cheIKEA - uye kunyange nyore kuvhura nekuda kwemabhendi erabha akareruka. Drones inogona kubhururuka kusvika kumakiromita e120 kuendesa zvekushandisa nemidziyo kunzvimbo idzo dzechinyakare zvinhu zvisingakwanisi kusvika. Asi mauto eUkraine akagadzirisa tekinoroji nekugadzirisa drones yehungwaru, yekutarisa uye yekuziva mishoni nekungoisa kamera mugomba mune wax cardboard frame. Nemutengo wakashumwa unosvika zviuru zvitatu nemazana mashanu emadhora imwe neimwe, iwo akachipa zvinoenderana nemauto uye anogona kubhururuka nemakiromita makumi matanhatu paawa asingaonekwe zvachose kune radar.
Zvirongwa zveAmerica
Pentagon yafunga kuisa zviwanikwa zvakakura muzvirongwa zvinofungidzira kuvakwa kwezviuru zvemadiki uye makuru drones mukati memakore maviri. Drones mukubhururuka, panyika, mugungwa uye pasi pemvura uye zvichida kunyange mu orbit, inokwanisa kufamba mumapoka kana kushanda zvachose ega.
Kwete chete zvinozivikanwa Valkyriema asi zvakare iyo Venom: chirongwa cheAmerica chinoisa vatyairi mukati meF-16 ndege, yakashongedzerwa neArtificial Intelligence system inokwanisa kutonga sarudzo dzakanyanya kukosha dzemishoni. Imwe purogiramu yenguva yemberi ndeye Replicator, akasimudzirwa nemutevedzeri wemunyori weDefence Kathleen Hicks: ichakwanisa kugadzira boka guru rezvikepe zvemuchadenga, zvepasi uye zvemugungwa izvo zvinogona kuendeswa nezviuru mukuumbwa sebumhu rinouraya. Mapoka emadrones anogona kuve nechokwadi chekunzvenga uye kuzara kwedziviriro yemhepo yemuvengi, nokudaro kusvika kune chinangwa (muenzaniso wekuzara kwenzvimbo yemhepo kwaive kurwiswa panguva imwe chete pa7 Gumiguru yekupedzisira neHamas). Kugona kwavo kunovabvumira kushandiswa kamwe chete kuita misheni ine hunyanzvi hwekuita sevaya vanozviuraya vanoonekwa muUkraine kana Russia.
Chirongwa "Kudyidzana Kurwisa Ndege” yeAir Force pachinzvimbo inobvumira zvidhori zvinongozvimirira kuti zvibhururuke pamwe chete nebhomba idzva reB-21 kana murwi wepamusoro weF-35, achishanda semawingmen nekudaro achiwedzera mamwe madoti pachiratidziro cheradar chemuvengi kuti avhiringike. Pakati pezvakanakira zvirongwa zve drone, mutengo-unoshanda kana uchienzaniswa neanodhura kwazvo emazuva ano varwi zvirongwa hazvipikiswe.
NATO maekisesaizi ane maritime drones
MuPortugal, maekisesaizi maviri eNATO akaitwa paChitsuwa cheTroia, achitarisa kubatanidzwa kwehunyanzvi hwemugungwa mukushanda uye kugona kwemotokari dzepasi pemvura dzakazvimiririra kushanda pamwechete. Chiitiko chekutanga ndecheDYNAMIC MESSENGER 23 (18-29 Gunyana) iyo yakanangana nekubatanidzwa kweasina kurongwa maritime masisitimu mumabasa emugungwa.
Chiitwa chechipiri chaive REPMUS 23- Robotic Kuedza uye Prototyping neMaritime Unmanned Systems - iyo yakaitika munharaunda imwe chete kubva ku11 kusvika ku22 Gunyana uye yakanangana nekuvaka kugona uye kudyidzana. Ose ari maviri REPMUS 23 neDYNAMIC MESSENGER 23 akagadzira kudyidzana kwakakosha pakati pebazi rakazvimirira uye academia uye anopa gwara rekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji, pfungwa dzekushanda, dzidziso uye zvirongwa zvebasa.
Nyorera kune yedu yemashoko!