(naGiuseppe Paccione) Kwemavhiki tanga tichikurukura nezvenyaya yekutenga maturusi echiuto tichifarira mauto eUkraine anofanirwa kuzvidzivirira kubva kuhutsinye hweRussia, hwakatanga musi wa24 Kukadzi. Dzimwe nhengo dzeAlantic Alliance dzakatotumira zvombo, dzimwe dzakavimbisa kupa uku nokukurumidza sezvinobvira, zvakadai seUnited States iyo yakavimbisawo rubatsiro rwemari yekuchengeteka muUkraine, iyo Germany iyo, pakutanga, yakanga isingadi 'zvombo. kuendesa kunze kunzvimbo yehondo, ndokuzofunga kupa nhevedzano yezvishandiso zvechiuto kumauto eUkraine, mamwe matunhu akazvionawo ari munzira imwe chete yekupihwa kwezvombo nemidziyo yekudzivirira kuhurumende yeUkraine.

Iko kunetseka kutsigira nemauto Ukraine ne kutumira zvombo zvinogona kukanganisa kukanganisa sangano re "kusarerekera", kuti kupa nzira dzechiuto kunogona kutorwa sechiito chehondo kudivi reUS. Zviripachena, chinzvimbo cheUS chakakurukurwa pamusoro pehuchokwadi hwekupa mauto eUkraine zvombo. Tora muenzaniso wekuramba kwehurumende yeUS kurudziro rwehurumende yeWarsaw kuendesa vamwe varwi veMiG-29 kuenda kuUkraine, kuburikidza nenzvimbo yeUS iri paAlemannic territory, paine kutya kugovera ndege dzemauto dziri kubhururuka.

Kutya kwakadaro, izvo zvinofanira kutaurwa, vaitungamirirwa neMoscow, iyo yakaedza kuchinja mutemo wepamutemo wekutora chikamu muhondo nekuzivisa kuti zviremera zveMoscow zvaizobata zvirango zvehupfumi pamusoro peRussia se "Chiito chehondo"kwete chete, asiwo nekuyambira idzo nyika, kana dzikaita kuti zvigadziko zvadzo zviwanikwe kuti zvishandiswe senzvimbo yakachengeteka yendege dzehondo dzine mireza yeUkraine uye kushandisa kwadzo kurwisa mauto eRussia, zvinogona kutorwa sekubatanidzwa chaiko kwenyika dzakadai muhondo yehondo. . Maonero emutemo weRussia, nekudaro, akavakirwa pazvisungo zvekusarerekera izvo zvisisabatike, zvekuti, sekureva kweMoscow, zvese United States nedzimwe nyika, dzinotsigira hurumende yeUkraine, dzinofanira kuramba kubvuma idzi nharo dzekare. .

Kusarerekera divi rimwe chete

Dingindira renzvimbo yekusarerekera rine nzira yakarebesa yenhoroondo, umo yakanga yatove nenharo munguva yeHellenic-Roman, kana yakazivikanwa panguva yehondo. Pasinei mubvunzo kuti chekare jus gentium angave aiziva kana kuti kwete iyo pfungwa yekusarerekera, iyo yepamutemo dhizaini yaitonga yekare kondinendi yeEurope, kutenderedza zana ramakore rechigumi nenomwe, ukoantiquorum ordo (hurongwa hwenyika hwekare), akahuona sehunokosha uye hunoshanda. Muzana ramakore rechigumi nesere, kutaura zvazviri, nyika dzakava nemukana wekugadzira mitemo ine udzame uye inowirirana, iyo yakanga ine chinangwa chayo chekudzora nyika dzaida kuramba dzisina kubatanidzwa mukurwisana kwehondo. 

Iyo archetype yekusarerekera yaionekwa se "kuchengetedza vharafu"Iyo yakaisa pasi pemumburera idzo Nyika dzaive dzisina kubatanidzwa mukurwisana kwemauto, kureva iyo kodzero yakakosha iyo chero nyika ine mhirizhonga yaigona kumanikidza Hurumende iri mukati mechikamu chekusarerekera kudivi rayo nechisimba. chombo chezvombo, kunze kwekunge Nyika mbiri dzakambobvumirana pamubatanidzwa nechibvumirano, tichirangarirawo kuti dunhu renyika isina kwarakarerekera raionekwa serisingapindiki. Saka, mutemo wepasi rose wairambidza kurwa uye kupinza varume vakapfeka yunifomu panzvimbo isina kwayakarerekera. Vasina kwavakarerekera vaive nekodzero yekuita bhizinesi nevanorwa, senge, semuenzaniso, munguva yehondo yeChimurenga cheFrance.

Nekuuya kwekodzero, mitoro inomukawo, mupfungwa yokuti nyika dzisina kwadzakarerekera dzakanga dzisingasaruri uye kuti dzairambidzwa kusarura mapato ari mukurwisana kuti kana zvisina kudaro pakanga pasina chibvumirano chakajeka. Chero bedzi nyika isina kwayakarerekera ichida kuramba iri mukati mehurongwa hwekusarerekera kwayakarerekera, inofanirwa kunge isina rusarura kuNyika dzine mhirizhonga, nekuti kana ichifarira rimwe reMapato mukukuvadza mumwe, haigone kunyunyuta kuti inobatwa nayo. muperekedzi anonamatira kumuvengi wake.

Chisungo chekusarerekera chaive chisiri chega chega, asi mhedzisiro yekuti nyika dzaive nekodzero yekurwa hondo kuti dzigadzirise zvakaipa zvadzaive dzatambura. Kutengeserana nebato rimwe chete kusvika pakusabatanidzwa kwerimwe kwakashandura nyika isina kwayakarerekera - sahwira wedzimwe nyika dzine mhirizhonga - kuita nyika inorwa hondo, mubatsiri weanotengeserana naye, sekubatwa kwevatorwa kwakakanganisa "jus ad bellum“Vebato revanoshaya. Kusarura mukutengeserana kwaionekwa sechiito chehondo chaibvumira mumwe wacho kurwisa mutongi kunyange asina kupfura. Chibvumirano cheV Hague che1907, maererano nekodzero uye mabasa eMasimba uye vanhu vasina kwavakarerekera pakaitika hondo panyika, inotsanangura basa rakasimba rekusarerekera mukuumbwa kwayo kwezvisungo zvine chekuita nekusarerekera kwazvakarerekera, mazviri zvinotevera izvo. chero chiyero chinorambidza kana chinorambidza neSimba rakarerekera rinofanira kushandiswa zvakafanana naro kune belligerents.

Zvisinei, hurongwa hwekusatora rutivi hwakachinja zvakawanda pakutanga kwezana remakore rechimakumi maviri rezana remakore rapfuura, kutanga kubva Briand-Kellog Pact, zvichiri kushanda, zvaida kuti nyika imwe neimwe irambe hondo kana kushandisa mauto. Chibvumirano ichi chakasunda nharaunda dzepasirese kuti dzitore nzira yezvirongwa zvakakomba zvine chinangwa chekurambidza kushandiswa kwemidziyo yehondo, kutanga shanduko yemutemo muhurongwa hwemitemo yenyika dzanhasi. Kwete izvozvo chete, asi mushure mechibvumirano ichi cha1928, Charter yeUN yakaisa hwaro hwe "kurambidzwa kwekushandiswa kwesimba sechombo chine hutsinye", chidziviso chave musimboti we. jus cogens uye nemutemo unoshanda erga omnes, uye kuzivikanwa kwekudzivirira kuri pamutemo. 

Chinjo muchimiro chokusatora rutivi yakaitikawo muma XNUMX, umo, somuenzaniso, United States yaigona kudai yakagovera zviridzwa zvehondo nezvombo zvehondo kuti varwise kufambira mberi kweGermany kweHitler muEurope. Muchokwadi, maAmerican akange asati atora chikamu mukurwisana neNazi-fascism, asi kutya kwaive kwekuti kupihwa kwezvombo kune vanobatana kwaizotyora mupata wekusarerekera kweUS, zvichiita kuti United States ive mubatanidzwa. Tisingakanganwe kuti maonero eruzhinji eUS haana kubvumirana kuti nyika yavo yaive nechekuita muhondo yezvombo mukondinendi yeEurope.

Dai mhirizhonga iripo yeRussia neUkrainian yakaitika kumaXNUMX makore zana apfuura, Russia ingadai yakave negakava remutemo uye nezvematongerwo enyika kuti United States nemubatanidzwa wayo vanogona kuve mapato ehondo, vachipa zvombo kuhondo. Mauto emauto eUkraine. Munyika yekare kurongeka, pamberi pechibvumirano cheBriand-Kellog, matanho ehupfumi anopesana nehurumende ine mhirizhonga uye kugoverwa kwezvombo kune rumwe rutivi uye kwete kune rumwe rutivi kwaionekwa sekuputsa kwechisungo chekusarerekera. Kubva pakagamuchirwa chibvumirano chekurambidza kushandiswa kwemauto uye kuzvipira kuremekedza United Nations Charter, hurongwa hutsva hwepasi rose hwakamuka, uko kushandiswa kwechiito chekumanikidza kwakaonekwa sekusashanda kana munhu aida kurwisa chero nyika yakazvimirira uye yakazvimirira.; zvisinei, zvinofanirwa kutaurwa kuti nyika dzinogona kupa nzira dzechiuto uye humwe hutsigiro hwehondo kune nyika inenge yabatwa nepfuti kuitira kuti ikwanise kuzvidzivirira.

Kupera kwekusarerekera kunoratidza kuti nyika dzakatenderwa kupa zvombo kana zvechiuto zvekushandisa kuUkraine. Izvi hazvityori chero chisungo chepamutemo chesangano rekusarerekera. Kurangarira kuti Nyika dzinogona kungove mapato kuhondo yeRussia-Ukrainian yehondo kana vakashandisa pfuti kurwisa Russia., tichifunga kuti zvinogona kukakavara kuti rubatsiro rwemauto kuUkraine, nyika yakarwiswa neRussia, haityori mutemo wenyika dzakawanda kunyange zvazvo iri nyaya yekutsigira. nyika iri kuzvidzivirira kubva kumurwi weRussia, ichitevera zvinotemerwa zvekuzvidzivirira kwemunhu uye pamwe chete zvakanyorwa mugwaro reUnited Nations.

Russia inokumbira Ukraine kuti ishandise iyo kusarerekera kwakaenzana nekweSweden, iyo ine kusarerekera kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kusingabvi pachishandiswa chenyika yose. Pachikumbiro cheMoscow, hurumende yeUkraine yakataura kuti haifarire muSweden kusarerekera modhi, ichidzokorora kuti Ukraine inongoshuvira kuve nevimbiso dzakakwana dzekuchengetedza Russia. kuburikidza nechibvumirano chine vanosaina vanofanirwa kuvimbisa kupindira pamwe neKiev kana paine hutsinye hunogona kuitika., kudzima pfungwa yekusarerekera divi rimwe divi, chimiro cheAustria-Swedish, neuto rayo. Muchokwadi, Austria mu1955 yakabvumidza kuziviswa kwekusarerekera, sechiito chebumbiro rezvematongerwo enyika uye kwete chibvumirano chepasirese. Chiziviso ichi chinosimbisa kuzvipira sine kufa kugara kunze kwekupokana kupi zvako, kusajoinha mibatanidzwa yemauto uye kudzivirira kuita kuti nharaunda yavo iwanikwe kune zvigaro zvemauto zvechitatu States. Panguva ye Svezia, zvakatotaurwa kuti, pasi pemutemo wenyika dzakawanda, pane kuzvipira kune "kusarerekera kuzere", asi kwete yechigarire. 

Ndeupi modhi yekusarerekera kuUkraine?