Waxaa qoray Davide Maniscalco, Isuduwaha Gobolka Aidr, Sarkaalka Sharciga iyo Gaarka ah Swascan, Kooxda Tinexta
Machadka Heerarka iyo Tignoolajiyada Qaranka ee Waaxda Ganacsiga ee Mareykanka (NIST) ayaa doortay kooxdii ugu horreysay ee aaladaha sirta ah ee loogu talagalay inay u adkeystaan weerarka kombuyuutar quantum mustaqbalka ah.
Dhab ahaantii, xisaabinta quantumku waxay leedahay awood habayneed sida inay ka dhigto khatar ka iman karta ku xadgudubka tillaabooyinka amniga ee loo adeegsado ilaalinta sirta nidaamyada isku xidhan ee nidaamka deegaanka dhijitaalka ah iyo, guud ahaan, amniga macluumaadka dhijitaalka ah.
Run ahaantiina, nidaamyada cryptographic furaha dadweynaha ee hadda "goobta ku jira" waxay isticmaalaan xisaabta si ay u ilaaliyaan macluumaadka elegtarooniga ah ee xasaasiga ah, iyaga oo hubinaya in macluumaadka dhijitaalka ah aysan heli karin qolo saddexaad oo aan la rabin.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kombuyuutar tiro ku filan oo karti leh, oo ku salaysan tignoolajiyad ka duwan kombiyuutarada caadiga ah ee maanta, ayaa si dhakhso ah u xalin kara mashaakilaadka xisaabeed ee ka hooseeya hababka cryptographic maanta, taas oo ku xad gudubta sirtooda.
Taa beddelkeeda, algorithms-u adkaysta tiro-ku-tiirsanaanta waxay ku tiirsan yihiin dhibaatooyinka xisaabta (inta badan xargaha habaysan laakiin sidoo kale hawlaha xashiishka) oo labadaba kombuyuutarrada caadiga ah iyo kuwa tirada leh ay tahay inay ku adkaato xallinta.
Algorithms waxaa loogu talagalay laba hawlood oo waaweyn kuwaas oo sirta loo isticmaalo guud ahaan:
- xog-ururinta guud, oo loo isticmaalo in lagu ilaaliyo macluumaadka la isku weydaarsado shabakad dadweyne;
- saxeexyada dhijitaalka ah, oo loo isticmaalo xaqiijinta aqoonsiga.
Ku dhawaaqida siidaynta soo socota ee heerarka cryptographic waxay daba socotaa dadaal lix sano ah oo ay hogaaminaysay NIST, kaas oo 2016 ku martiqaaday cryptographers aduunka oo dhan si ay u sameeyaan oo ay u xakameeyaan hababka cryptographic ee u adkeysan kara weerarka mustaqbalka ee kombuyuutarka quantum.
Afarta algorithms ee la xushay waxay sidaas ku noqonayaan qayb ka mid ah heerka NIST-ka-dambe ee cryptographic standard, kaas oo la filayo in lagu soo gabagabeeyo ilaa laba sano gudahood.
Xog-ururinta guud, NIST waxa ay dooratay algorithm-ka CRYSTALS-Kyber oo lagu garto furayaasha sirta ah ee aad u yar oo laba dhinac ay si fudud isku dhaafsan karaan xawaare sare oo hawleed.
Saxiixa dhijitaalka ah, oo inta badan loo isticmaalo xaqiijinta aqoonsiga inta lagu jiro wax kala iibsiga dhijitaalka ah ama in lagu saxeexo dukumeenti meel fog ka fog, NIST waxay dooratay saddexda algorithms ee CRYSTALS - Dilithium, FALCON iyo SPHINCS +.
Laakin maxay tahay sababta ku dhawaaqida NIST ee algorithmaadka-ka-dambeysta ee kryt-kumbam ay u tahay tignoolajiyad ahaan muhiim u ah jawiga-siyaasadeed?
Sida la wada ogsoon yahay dawladda Shiinuhu waxay u qoondaysay lacag dhan 10 bilyan oo dollar si kor loogu qaado xisaabinta quantum-ka, taas oo kordhinaysa maalgashiga dawladda in ka badan 7%.
Taas bedelkeeda, Waaxda Ganacsiga ee Maraykanka ayaa mamnuucday siddeed hay'adood oo teknolojiyad xiriir la leh Shiinaha si ay u raadiyaan istaraatiijiyad looga hortagayo tignoolajiyada Mareykanka ee soo ifbaxaya in la isticmaalo ama, ka sii daran, looga faa'iidaysto horumarka ku saabsan xisaabinta tirada Shiinaha ee shaqeyneysa codsiyada militariga iyadoo la horumarinayo. awoodda jebinta sirta ama horumarinta sireed aan la jabin karin.
Arintan, ayaamahan oo kaliya, madaxda MI5 iyo FBI waxay si wadajir ah u soo saareen digniin ku saabsan khatarta sii kordheysa ee Shiinaha.
Gaar ahaan, agaasimaha FBI-da, Christopher Wray ayaa sheegay in dawladda Shiinaha "ay halis ugu weyn ku tahay dhaqaalaha iyo amniga qaranka, UK, Maraykanka iyo xulafada Yurub iyo meelo kale."
Wray ayaa markaa si cad uga digay in dawladda Shiinaha "ay halis ka sii daran ku hayso shirkadaha reer galbeedka oo ay diyaar u yihiin inay xadaan tiknoolajiyadooda."
Waxay raacdaa in ku dhawaaqista NIST ay tahay in lagu soo dhaweeyo wacyiga in tartanka loogu jiro cryptography-ka-ka dambeeya uu yahay isla mar ahaantaana su'aal ku saabsan amniga qaranka, heer juqraafi-siyaasadeed caalami ah, iyo sirta (xogta xogta) ee nidaamka deegaanka dhijitaalka ah. ee internetka wax kasta.
Dhab ahaantii, waa in la sheegaa, in kasta oo algorithms-yada hadda jira ay si ammaan ah uga soo horjeedaan weerarrada caadiga ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee maaha kuwo adkaysi u leh oo hubaal ma noqon doonaan kuwo u adkaysta weerarada quantum, taas oo ah sababta (qayb ahaan) dawladaha adduunka oo dhan ay yihiin. u qoondaynta balaayiin maalgashi oo dahab ah oo cusub.
Xaaladdan, iyada oo horumarinta tignoolajiyada quantum-ku ay si degdeg ah u socoto, ma iska indho tiri karno xaalad ay jilayaasha cadawga ah iyo tuugta dambiilayaasha ah ay faafiyaan xogta sir ah, iyaga oo ilaalinaya xaqa ay ku dalbanayaan ka faa'iidaysiga tirada badan waqti dambe.
Sababahan dartood, NIST iyo Hay'adda Ammaanka Kaabayaasha Internetka iyo Kaabayaasha (CISA), si ay si wanaagsan ugu diyaar garoobaan sii daynta suurtagalka ah ee 2024 ee heerarka cusub ee cryptographic, waxay ku talinayaan in la soo ururiyo nidaamyada ururka ee codsiyada isticmaalaya xog-ururinta muhiimka ah. daabac oo tijaabi heerarka (marka si rasmi ah loo sii daayay) goobta shaybaadhka.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa ay noqon doontaa lama huraan in si wanaagsan loogu diyaargaroobo waxbarashada iyo diyaarinta kaabayaasha dadweynaha, kuwa gaarka ah iyo kuwa muhiimka ah ee isbedelkan cusub.
Inta uu halbeeggu ku jiro horumarka, NIST waxa ay wali ku dhiiri galinaysaa khubarada amniga in ay sahamiyaan algorithms-yada cusub oo ay ka fiirsadaan sida ay codsiyadoodu u isticmaali doonaan, laakiin maaha in ay galaan nidaamkooda, maadaama algoorithms-yada laga yaabo in ay wax yar isbedelaan ka hor inta aan heerka la dhamaystirin.